For regular uvb bulbs, 2.0, 5.0, 8.0, etc., is the percentage of UVB rays that the light gives off--a Reptisun 5.0, for example, gives off 5% UVB rays. You don't want to get anything with 2.0--not enough. I wouldn't go lower than the 5.0.
The mercury vapor lights, give off significantly more UVB rays. And, as you noticed, they are pricey. Buying on-line is much cheaper. Take a look at
www.4littlepets.com or
www.reptiledirect.com for example.
There shouldn't be any barrier between the turt and the UVB light because glass, plastic, water etc. blocks UVB rays. For conventional UVB lights, more than 12 inches away from a basking turtle and the turtle doesn't benefit. I try to have the light 6-8 inches away.
For the mercury vapor lights, follow the directions on the package for distance. They give off a LOT of heat and you don't want to cook a turt. They're also not recommended for smaller tanks.
"You become responsible, forever, for what you have tamed." -Antoine de Saint Exupery-